On Sunday and Monday, at a keenly-watched meeting in Chicago, Nato leaders will argue over who should pay the $4.1 billion bill for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) after the pull-out of foreign troops by end-2014 leaves Afghan security largely in the hands of Afghans.

Currently, a Nato-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) oversees Afghan security, along with the US military forces that operate independently of ISAF.

Starting 2015, an Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police, numbering some 352,000 troopers, would assume full responsibility for security. Their numbers would be reduced to 228,000 by 2017.

Nato has assessed that Kabul would require about $4.1 billion annually for maintaining this force. High-level Washington sources say the US is trying to peg its contribution to $2 billion; Nato countries could contribute another $1 billion; the Afghan budget would pay for $500 million; leaving a $600 million gap that must be filled in Chicago.

So far, Nato countries have been less than forthcoming. Germany has pledged $193 million annually; the UK has offered $110 million per year; and non-Nato member, Australia, will pay $100 million per year for the next three years. Over several years now, Nato members have regularly failed to meet their financial commitments towards ANSF training.

Afghan authorities are pressing Washington to fill the budget gaps. Afghanistan’s deputy foreign minister, Jawed Ludin, pointed out at a press briefing in Kabul this week that, “The $4.1 bn is the cost not of 352,000 (soldiers and police) but of the reduced size, which is 228,000. The United States will pay for the extra soldiers that will be needed between 2014 and 2017.”

Washington faces difficulties in allocating more money, given the depth of anti-war sentiment that is playing out in Chicago, where busloads of demonstrators are arriving to protest the war. The US has lost 2,000 soldiers during a decade of war in Afghanistan. Another 4,500 US citizens lost their lives in Iraq.

The US draw down from Afghanistan plays out in the strategic backdrop of the US “pivot to Asia,” presented by President Obama in January. “We’re turning the page on a decade of war,” Obama had said, announcing the US would turn away from Europe and West Asia towards “the arc extending from the Western Pacific and East Asia into the Indian Ocean region and South Asia.”

However, Washington is negotiating an arrangement with Kabul that could allow for a residual footprint of some 25,000 to 30,000 US troops in garrisons in Afghanistan that would focus on “counter-terrorist operations,” a euphemism for drone strikes against radical jehadi forces.

On Sunday, Afghan president Hamid Karzai will hold one-on-one talks with Obama in Chicago. There is no meeting scheduled between Obama and Pakistan’s President Asif Zardari, but his attendance suggests a cooling of tensions between Washington and Islamabad. Pakistan has blocked the move of US logistic supplies through the country after at least 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed in a Nato air strike on their border check post last November. Seen as a key player in any solution in Afghanistan, Pakistan is believed to have been lured to Chicago with the promise of $1 billion in released grants and an estimated $1 million per day in transit fees for the move of supplies into Afghanistan.

Nato last met in the US in 1999, two years before Al-Qaeda terrorists brought down the World Trade Centre twin towers, triggering the war in Afghanistan. The 9/11 attacks led Nato member countries to invoke, for the first time ever, the common defence provisions of the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949. This mandates that an attack on one member country will be regarded as an attack on all of them

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